Afghanistan Pashtu, Dari Persian, other Turkic and minor languages
Albania Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek
Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Andorra Catalán (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese
Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
Antigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects
Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
Armenia Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Australia English, native languages
Austria German 98% (official nationwide); Slovene, Croatian, Hungarian (each official in one region)
Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Turkic 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)
Bahamas English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
Bangladesh Bangla (official), English
Barbados English
Belarus Belorussian (White Russian), Russian, other
Belgium Dutch (Flemish) 60%, French 40%, German less than 1% (all official); legally bilingual (Dutch and French)
Belize English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole
Benin French (official), Fon, Yoruba, tribal languages
Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Tibetan dialects (among Bhotes), Nepalese dialects (among Nepalese)
Bolivia Spanish, Quechua, Aymara (all official)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (all official)
Botswana English (official), Setswana
Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
Brunei Darussalam Malay (official), English, Chinese
Bulgaria Bulgarian; secondary languages strongly correspond to ethnic breakdown
Burkina Faso French (official); native African (Sudanic) languages 90%
Burundi Kirundi and French (official), Swahili
Cambodia Khmer (official), French, English
Cameroon French, English (both official); 24 major African language groups
Canada English 59.3%, French 23.2% (both official); other 17.5%
Cape Verde Portuguese, Criuolo
Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca, national), tribal languages
Chad French, Arabic (both official); Sara; more than 120 languages and dialects
Chile Spanish
China Standard Chinese (Mandarin/Putonghua), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages
Colombia Spanish
Comoros Arabic and French (both official), Shikomoro (Swahili/Arabic blend)
Congo, Republic of French (official), Lingala, Monokutuba, Kikongo, many local languages and dialects
Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
Costa Rica Spanish (official), English
Côte d'Ivoire French (official) and African languages (Diaula esp.)
Croatia Croatian 96% (official), other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, German)
Cuba Spanish
Cyprus Greek, Turkish (both official); English
Czech Republic Czech
Denmark Danish, Faeroese, Greenlandic (Inuit dialect), German; English is the predominant second language
Djibouti French and Arabic (both official), Somali, Afar
Dominica English (official) and French patois
Dominican Republic Spanish
East Timor Tetum, Portuguese (official); Bahasa Indonesia, English; other indigenous languages, including Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak
Ecuador Spanish (official), Quechua, other Amerindian languages
Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)
Equatorial Guinea Spanish, French (both official); pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
Eritrea Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
Estonia Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other
Ethiopia Amharic (official), Tigrigna, Orominga, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, English, over 70 others
Fiji English (official), Fijian, Hindustani
Finland Finnish 93.4%, Swedish 5.9% (both official); small Sami- (Lapp) and Russian-speaking minorities
France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects (Provençal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous
Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azerbaijani 6%, other 7% (Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia)
Germany German
Ghana English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Greece Greek 99% (official), English, French
Grenada English (official), French patois
Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
Guinea French (official), native tongues (Malinké, Susu, Fulani)
Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Criolo, African languages
Guyana English (official), Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu
Haiti Creole and French (both official)
Honduras Spanish (official), Amerindian dialects; English widely spoken in business
Hungary Magyar (Hungarian), 98.2%; other, 1.8%
Iceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
India Hindi (official), English (official), Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kannada, Assamese, Sanskrit, Sindhi (all recognized by the constitution). Dialects, 1,600+
Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official), English, Dutch, Javanese, and more than 580 other languages and dialects
Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Iraq Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Ireland English, Irish (Gaelic)
Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic, English
Italy Italian (official); German-, French-, and Slovene-speaking minorities
Jamaica English, Jamaican Creole
Japan Japanese
Jordan Arabic (official), English
Kazakhstan Kazak (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%; Russian (official, used in everyday business) 95% (2001 est.)
Kenya English (official), Swahili (national), and several other languages spoken by 25 ethnic groups
Kiribati English (official), I-Kiribati (Gilbertese)
Korea, North Korean
Korea, South Korean, English widely taught
Kuwait Arabic (official), English
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz, Russian (both official)
Laos Lao (official), French, English, various ethnic languages
Latvia Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other
Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian
Lesotho English, Sesotho (both official); Zulu, Xhosa
Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic-group languages
Libya Arabic, Italian and English widely understood in major cities
Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect
Lithuania Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian
Luxembourg Luxermbourgish (national) French, German (both administrative)
Macedonia Macedonian 68%, Albanian 25% (both official); Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 2%, other 2%
Madagascar Malagasy and French (both official)
Malawi English and Chichewa (both official), others important regionally
Malaysia Bahasa Melayu (Malay, official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; several indigenous languages (including Iban, Kadazan) in East Malaysia
Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (official); English spoken by most government officials
Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
Malta Maltese and English (both official)
Marshall Islands Marshallese (two major dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family), English (both official); Japanese
Mauritania Hassaniya Arabic, Wolof (both official); Pulaar, Soninke, French
Mauritius English, French (both official); Creole, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori
Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages
Micronesia English (official, common), Chukese, Pohnpeian, Yapase, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi
Moldova Moldovan (official; virtually the same as Romanian), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monégasque
Mongolia Mongolian, 90%; also Turkic and Russian (1999)
Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often used for business, government, and diplomacy
Mozambique Portuguese (official), Bantu languages
Myanmar Burmese, minority languages
Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama
Nauru Nauruan (official), English
Nepal Nepali 90% (official), over 40 other languages and major dialects, English (1995)
The Netherlands Dutch, Frisian (both official)
New Zealand English, Maori (both official)
Nicaragua Spanish (official); English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma
Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and more than 200 others
Norway Bokmål Norwegian, Nynorsk Norwegian (both official); small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English, Burushaski, and others 8%
Palau English (official everywhere); Palau (official in all states but those following); Sonsoralese (official in Sonsoral); Tobi (official in Tobi); Angaur and Japanese (official in Angaur)
Palestinian State (proposed) Arabic, Hebrew, English
Panama Spanish (official), English 14%, many bilingual
Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin (Melanesian Pidgin, the lingua franca), Hiri Motu (in Papua region), English 1–2%; 715 indigenous languages
Paraguay Spanish, Guaraní (both official)
Peru Spanish, Quéchua (both official); Aymara; many minor Amazonian languages
The Philippines Filipino (based on Tagalog), English (both official); eight major dialects: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense
Poland Polish
Portugal Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)
Qatar Arabic (official); English a common second language
Romania Romanian (official), Hungarian, German
Russia Russian, others
Rwanda Kinyarwanda, French, and English (all official); Kiswahili in commercial centers
St. Kitts and Nevis English
St. Lucia English (official), French patois
St. Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois
Samoa Samoan, English
San Marino Italian
São Tomé and Príncipe Portuguese (official)
Saudi Arabia Arabic
Senegal French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Serbia and Montenegro Serbian (official) 95%, Albanian 5%
Seychelles Seselwa Creole, English, French (all official)
Sierra Leone English (official), Mende (southern vernacular), Temne (northern vernacular), Krio (lingua franca)
Singapore Malay (national), Mandarin Chinese, Tamil, English (all official)
Slovakia Slovak (official), Hungarian
Slovenia Slovenian 92%, Serbo-Croatian 6.2%, other 1.8%
Solomon Islands English 1%–2% (official), Melanesian pidgin (lingua franca), 120 indigenous languages
Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, English, Italian
South Africa Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu (all 11 official)
Spain Castilian Spanish 74% (official nationwide); Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% (each official regionally)
Sri Lanka Sinhala 74% (official and national), Tamil 18% (national), other 8%; English is commonly used in government and spoken competently by about 10%
Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
Suriname Dutch (official), Surinamese (lingua franca), English widely spoken, Hindustani, Javanese
Swaziland English, siSwati (both official)
Sweden Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Switzerland German 63.7%, French 12.9%, Italian 7.6%, Romansch 0.6% (all official); other 8.9%
Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
Taiwan Chinese (Mandarin, official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Tanzania Swahili, English (both official); Arabic; many local languages
Thailand Thai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Togo French (official, commerce); Ewé, Mina (south); Kabyé, Cotocoli (north); and many dialects
Tonga Tongan (an Austronesian language), English
Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Tunisia Arabic (official, commerce), French (commerce)
Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek
Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%; Russian 12%; Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
Uganda English (official), Ganda or Luganda, other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
Ukraine Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
United Arab Emirates Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
United Kingdom English, Welsh, Scots Gaelic
United States English, sizable Spanish-speaking minority
Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero
Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Vanuatu Bislama (a Melanesian pidgin English), English, French (all 3 official); more than 100 local languages
Vatican City (Holy See) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Vietnam Vietnamese (official); English (increasingly favored as a second language); some French, Chinese, Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Western Sahara (proposed state) Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
Yemen Arabic
Zambia English (official); major vernaculars: Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga; about 70 other indigenous languages
Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Ndebele (Sindebele), numerous minor tribal dialects